THE EFFECT OF HOMESCOOLING ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING MOTIVATION PARTICIPANTS (Case Study in One Family Applying Homescooling)

The family is the first and primary school to provide education to their children. Students who are highly motivated in learning will likely gain high learning results as well, meaning that the higher the motivation, the more intensity of effort and effort made, the higher the learning achievement it earns. One method that can be applied by parents is the method of homeschooling. Parents and tutors who provide education to learners. Homeschooling education is more flexible and time-bound as in formal schools. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of homeschooling on cognitive development and learning motivation and to know the learning outcomes obtained by children through homeschooling program. This research is a qualitative research case study. One family research informant, with parents primary informant, and child supporting informant, and teacher. This research instrument includes test (description problem) and non test (attitude scale). Data were obtained through interviews and participant observation of the family. The data is then processed using theme analysis. The results that can be obtained from this research is increased student achievement and good learning motivation. homeschooling positively affects both academic and non-academic abilities of children.


A. INTRODUCTION
Formal and non formal education has the aim to educate the students.Through this education, children are equipped with knowledge to support their cognitive and affective development.Nonformal education programs are equally important to other formal education programs.The reality shows that development policies and programs at the local, regional, and national levels have non-formal education policies and programs or also known as off-school education related to other development sectors.As a basic approach in development, nonformal education has a function to develop human resources that become the main actors in various development sectors (Hidayat, 2016, p 14).
One of the non formal education is homescooling.Non-formal education becomes one of the alternative education chosen by parents to meet the needs of their children.The fact in the field that learning in school is considered not able to accommodate the needs that are expected by the parents.Limitations of time and material are crowded, lack of ability of students in the field of non-academic non-academic underpinning the parents and learners to seek alternative education.Because not every school has facilities to develop it, as well as lack of religious development, some of the above problems in general are enough to make parents seek alternative education (which is free from the problem).Therefore, the idea came from parents to send their children home (Fitriana, 2016, p 81).
Homeschooling becomes a parent's place of hope to improve the quality of education, increase the values of faith or religion and morals and get a fun learning environment for their children.Homeschooling is an education or learning system that is held at home as an alternative school by placing children as subjects.The teacher or teacher of the homeschooling program is usually performed by a parent or other person designated as his teacher.On homeschooling, children and parents will determine the content of their subject matter.The timing of homeschooling itself tends to be flexible, in contrast to schools in general.
The Law on National Education System (Sisdiknas) no.20 Year 2003, mentions that in Indonesia there are three education channels that are formal, nonformal and informal.Based on the Act, parents or family can provide education of children at home with informal channels through homeschooling.legally home schooling activities are protected by law.Adilistiono (A'yun, Prihartanti, and Chusniatu, 2015, p.33) mentions that homeschooling is divided into three, namely: single homeschooling, homeschooling compound, and homeschooling community.
Homeschooling is home based education where the family is responsible for the education of their child.This is in line with Sumardiono, (2006: 4) homeschooling is an educational model in which a family chooses to take responsibility for their own children's education by using their home as their educational base.Homeschooling is in great demand by the public at this time.Homeschooling is not a way to fight formal schooling, but homeschooling is an educational alternative that supports school programs.Something that can not be achieved in formal schooling, homeschooling provides the achievement of these needs.Homeschooling has the same goal with a formal school that wants to deliver learners to achieve educational goals in terms of cognitive, affective and psychomotor.The material presented during the learning process takes the learner to recognize the concept contextually so as to have a lot of experience through outing.In addition, the achievement of learners also increased as the process of learning through homescooling.The tutor applies learning methods that mean full meaning so that students feel comfortable and motivated to learn as well as improve skills with educational games to improve skills through educational games.Homeschooling has the same goal dnegan formal school that wants to deliver learners achieve educational goals both in terms of cognitive, affective and psychomotor.
Yuliani (Jawati, 2015, p.253) that cognitive ability is a process of thinking, ie the ability of individuals to relate, assess and consider an event or event.The age of elementary students according to piaget (Ruseffendi, 20016, p.) Is 7-12 years.At this age the child already began to know the operational pre where the learners start to recognize numbers, number operations and At this level, the child has shown cognitive activity in the face of various things outside of himself.Thinking activity does not yet have an organized system.The child is able to understand reality in the environment by using signs and symbols (Ibda, 2015, p.33).Cognitive students are expected to have the ability to work on the subject matter through daily test.So that learners of homescooling have a good understanding and knowledge of the material.In addition, learners feel motivated and attentive from tutors because homescooling students are not as much as formal school students.The progress of cognitive development referred to in this study is that learners have a learning achievement in accordance with the success rate of something in learning the subject matter expressed in the form of grades or report cards of each field of study after experiencing the teaching and learning process.Nasution (Hamdu & Agustina, 2011, p.92) that the perfection that a person achieves in thinking, feeling and doing, learning achievement is said to be perfect if it meets three aspects namely: cognitive, affective and psychomotor, otherwise said achievement less satisfactory if someone has not been able to meet target in all three criteria.Biggs and Tefler (Dimyati & Mudjiono, 2006) revealed that students' learning motivation may become weak.Weak motivation or lack of motivation to learn will weaken the activity, so the quality of learning achievement will be low.Therefore, the quality of student achievement needs to be strengthened continuously.With the aim that students have a strong learning motivation, so that achievement can be achieved optimal learning.Student's motivation in every learning activity is very important to improve student's learning achievement in certain subjects (Nashar, 2004: 11).Students who are highly motivated in learning are likely to get high learning results as well, meaning that the higher the motivation, the more intensity of effort and effort, the higher the learning achievement it gets (Hamdu & Agustina, 2011, p 93) Motivation is an encouragement and directs attitudes and actions to perform an activity.In the motivation contained the desire to activate, move, channel and direct attitudes and behavior in individual learning.motivation that comes from the self (intrinstic), not from outside (ekstrinstic).Therefore, teachers who are included in the category of drivers from outside the learners themselves are expected to provide motivation to learn, especially in learners who are weak learners motivation.
Based on the above description, the motivation to learn is a desire or encouragement in a person either consciously or unconsciously to do something deed with a specific purpose.There are also motivational gratings in this research are curiosity, needs, clarity of learning objectives, and rewards.

B. RESEARCH METHODS
The research methodology used is a case study method to reveal facts that occur in the field to be studied in depth, so that ultimately obtained the findings of data needed according to the goal.The reason for the use of qualitative research, because this research seeks: (1) To provide an educational activity based on field data unearthed in a particular area, but does not intend to prove the theory; (2) Not seeking absolute truth, but relying only on the realities of the field according to a particular group and background view; (3) understanding the meaning of the implementation of a pattern in a group.Research.data sources obtained using purposive sampling techniques, and which became the source of data is Tutoring homeschooling, parents and students who follow Homeschooling (Homeschooler).Instruments in this study is a matter of pre and post-test description and the scale of learning motivational attitudes.Techniques and data collection guidelines in this study using observation techniques, interviews, and triangulation techniques.

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to researchers' observations, at the beginning of the homescooling learning process, the participation of students to be actively involved is still not optimal.Students seem enthusiastic about what is gained from various problems.Students are not reluctant and hesitant in performing activities that lead to thinking faced, students actively propose ideas or ideas in the process of building their own formulation of a series of given cases.This is allegedly researchers because students already have a basic understanding of the subject matter, so students are enthusiastic about the concept and students become more motivated in the learning process.
The process of learning homeschooling, the tutor starts an initial problem-based leraning session with a presentation of problems that will be faced by students.Students are stimulated to solve problems in the field.Students organize what they already understand about the problem and try to identify related issues.Students discuss by asking questions about things they do not understand.Tutors assist students to focus on questions that are considered important.Through this learning, students in damping while learning to understand the material delivered.Student needs are met, reward or gift giving and students get attention is part of stimulating extrinsic motivation.
Students who became the subject of research at the beginning of learning followed are still low learning achievement.This can be seen from doing the basic question given to the student.Understanding of the subject matter was not maximized and communication in conveying ideas or opinions is still low.After a few months following the homescooling program looks different before and after the program.Students are able to understand the lessons conveyed by the tutor.
Assessment of learning conducted by tutors in Homeschooling done on two things, namely assessment of the process of teaching and learning activities and assessment of the development of learners.Assessment of teaching and learning activities through direct checks that are reported at the end of each learning activity by reporting them in field notes and assessment rubrics.Assessment is also undertaken from project activities in the class and from evaluation of UTS and UAS.To see students' learning motivation through homeschooling using a Likert scale questionnaire.The results of students' cognitive development through homeschooling are the following:  In addition, students' motivation to learn through homeschooling shows that in general the learning motivation is good.The analysis also shows that the influence of learning motivation great influence on student achievement.So as revealed by Keller (Nashar, 2004: 77) that learning achievement can be seen from the change of personal input results in the form of motivation and hope to succeed.Increased student learning outcomes are influenced by many factors one of which is the motivation to learn.The results of Hamdu and Agustina (2011) that the students a strong learning motivation, so that the achievement of learning that can be achieved optimally.In addition, Purwasih (2016, p. 190) that the motivation to learn to support a person to move on activities that have been scheduled so that affects the independence.The results of this study also informs that there is influence of homeschooling on cognitive development and student learning motivation.This means that if students have motivation in learning, then the learning achievement will be good (high).Conversely, if students have bad habits in learning, then the learning achievement will be bad (low).Learning through homeschooling gives students the opportunity to have a good attitude and commitment to shared values and morals.However, the development of learners should prioritize parents participation in developing education system that better understand the character of early child, so that the quality of education in the family can also be developed and improved in accordance with prevailing social system and norms (Akhyadi and Mulyono, 2018).

D. CONCLUSION
Based on the research results can be summarized as follows: 1. Cognitive development increases with homeschooling learning through increased student achievement.2. Learning homeschooling affects the motivation of student learning 3. Student motivation through better homeschooling learning.
average value of the subjects tested.After attending homeschooling students experience an increase in learning achievement of the test ahsil tested.This shows that homeschooling has an influential role on student achievement.The results of these achievements are shown in the following circle graph: Picture 1. Student Achievement Result of Homeschooling Students

Table 1 .
Average Results of Student Achievement in HomeschoolingStudents who follow this homeschooling program are students who have dropped out of school or resigned from formal school.From the results of the table above shows that homeschooling students before joining the program, homeschooling scores of 30.50