Correction and Retraction Policy

PrimaryEdu: Journal of Primary Education maintains the integrity of the scholarly record. Published articles are not changed silently; any change is made through one of the notices below, following COPE retraction guidelines. Every notice is published in a later issue, receives its own DOI where applicable, and is linked to the original article.

Erratum

Corrects an error introduced by the journal during production (e.g., typesetting or metadata errors).

Corrigendum

Corrects a significant error made by the authors that does not change the article's main findings or conclusions (e.g., an incorrect value in a table, an omitted affiliation or funding statement). Authors request a corrigendum by emailing the editor.

Expression of Concern

Issued when there is credible evidence of a problem but an investigation is ongoing or inconclusive. It is updated or replaced by a retraction or correction when the investigation ends.

Retraction

Issued when the findings are unreliable because of major error or misconduct, or when the article involves plagiarism, duplicate publication, fabricated data or references, unethical research, or serious authorship problems. The retracted article remains online, marked “RETRACTED” on every page of the PDF, with the retraction notice stating the reason and who requested it.

Removal

In rare cases where the article is defamatory, infringes legal rights, or poses a serious risk, it may be removed. The title, authors, and a notice of removal remain online.